Integralna część $\csc{\left(x \right)}$

Rewrite the cosecant as $\csc\left(x\right)=\frac{1}{\sin\left(x\right)}$:

$${\color{red}{\int{\csc{\left(x \right)} d x}}} = {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{\sin{\left(x \right)}} d x}}}$$

Rewrite the sine using the double angle formula $\sin\left(x\right)=2\sin\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)\cos\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)$:

$${\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{\sin{\left(x \right)}} d x}}} = {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{2 \sin{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)} \cos{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)}} d x}}}$$

Multiply the numerator and denominator by $\sec^2\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)$:

$${\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{2 \sin{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)} \cos{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)}} d x}}} = {\color{red}{\int{\frac{\sec^{2}{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)}}{2 \tan{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)}} d x}}}$$

Let $u=\tan{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)}$.

Then $du=\left(\tan{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)}\right)^{\prime }dx = \frac{\sec^{2}{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)}}{2} dx$ (steps can be seen »), and we have that $\sec^{2}{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)} dx = 2 du$.

The integral becomes

$${\color{red}{\int{\frac{\sec^{2}{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)}}{2 \tan{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)}} d x}}} = {\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{u} d u}}}$$

The integral of $\frac{1}{u}$ is $\int{\frac{1}{u} d u} = \ln{\left(\left|{u}\right| \right)}$:

$${\color{red}{\int{\frac{1}{u} d u}}} = {\color{red}{\ln{\left(\left|{u}\right| \right)}}}$$

Recall that $u=\tan{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)}$:

$$\ln{\left(\left|{{\color{red}{u}}}\right| \right)} = \ln{\left(\left|{{\color{red}{\tan{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)}}}}\right| \right)}$$

Dlatego,

$$\int{\csc{\left(x \right)} d x} = \ln{\left(\left|{\tan{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)}}\right| \right)}$$

Dodaj stałą całkowania:

$$\int{\csc{\left(x \right)} d x} = \ln{\left(\left|{\tan{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)}}\right| \right)}+C$$

Answer: $\int{\csc{\left(x \right)} d x}=\ln{\left(\left|{\tan{\left(\frac{x}{2} \right)}}\right| \right)}+C$